Yes, it can be considered negligence under Indian law if a patient dies due to unavailability of oxygen or medicine, depending on the specific circumstances. Here's how it's legally assessed: 1. Medical Negligence – Definition (Indian Law): Negligence in medical practice occurs when: A duty of care exists (e.g., hospitals/doctors owe duty to patients), There is a breach of that duty (e.g., failure to provide essential treatment like oxygen/medicines), and It leads to injury or death to the patient. This is based on Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab (2005) 6 SCC 1, where the Supreme Court laid down standards for medical negligence. 2. Unavailability of Oxygen/Medicine – Negligence? Yes, possibly, if due to avoidable mismanagement. If the hospital or government institution: Did not plan for essential supplies despite known risk, Had inadequate stock due to negligence, Failed to take urgent steps to procure life-saving essentials, it may amount to criminal negligence under Section 304A IPC (causing death by negligence) or civil liability for compensation. 3. Relevant Case Law & Guidelines: In 2021, during the COVID-19 crisis, many courts (Allahabad High Court, Delhi High Court, etc.) held that lack of oxygen leading to death may be gross negligence and a violation of Article 21 (Right to Life). Allahabad HC (May 2021) called deaths due to oxygen shortage a form of "criminal act" and "not less than genocide". 4. Liability – Who is responsible? Depending on the setup: Private hospitals – Can be sued for deficiency in service (under Consumer Protection Act) or negligence (civil/criminal). Government hospitals or officials – May face public interest litigation (PIL), departmental action, or compensation directions from courts. 5. Exceptions (No Negligence): It may not be considered negligence if: The situation was truly unforeseeable or beyond control (like sudden natural disasters), There is proof of best effort to procure supplies, The death occurred despite all reasonable care. Conclusion: Yes, it can amount to negligence or even criminal liability under Indian law if death results from preventable lack of oxygen or medicines, especially if there's evidence of poor planning, hoarding, corruption, or failure to act reasonably in a crisis.