The essential elements of medical negligence under Indian law are the key components that must be proved by a patient (or their representative) to establish that a medical professional has been negligent. These elements are derived from principles of tort law and recognized by Indian courts, particularly in judgments by the Supreme Court of India. Here are the main elements: 1. Duty of Care: The medical practitioner must owe a duty of care to the patient. This means the doctor or hospital must have accepted the responsibility to treat the patient and must act in accordance with the standard of care expected from a qualified medical professional. 2. Breach of Duty: There must be a breach or violation of that duty. This happens when the doctor fails to act with the level of skill, care, or caution that is expected in similar circumstances. For example: Wrong diagnosis Incorrect treatment Surgical errors Failure to inform the patient of risks (lack of informed consent) 3. Causation (Direct Nexus): There must be a direct causal link between the breach of duty and the harm suffered. It must be proved that the injury or death would not have occurred but for the negligence of the medical practitioner. 4. Damage or Injury: The patient must have suffered actual harm, such as: Physical injury Aggravation of condition Mental trauma Disability Death Without actual damage, even if the doctor made a mistake, there may not be a valid claim. 5. Standard of Proof (Gross Negligence in Criminal Cases): In civil cases, ordinary negligence is enough. In criminal cases (under IPC Section 304A), the negligence must be gross or reckless to hold the doctor criminally liable. 6. Expert Testimony: In most cases, courts rely on expert medical opinions to determine whether there was a breach of standard care. Important Case: Jacob Mathew vs State of Punjab (2005) – The Supreme Court laid down detailed guidelines and held that negligence must be established with clear evidence and expert opinion, especially in criminal prosecutions. In summary, to prove medical negligence, it must be shown that the doctor owed a duty, breached it, and caused injury or loss to the patient as a result of that breach.