The sources of International Law are the legal foundations from which rules and principles of international law are derived. These sources are recognized under Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which is widely accepted as the most authoritative list of international law sources. Here are the primary and subsidiary sources: 1. International Treaties and Conventions (Conventional Law) These are written agreements between states or international organizations. Once ratified, they are legally binding on the parties. Example: United Nations Charter, Geneva Conventions, Paris Agreement on Climate Change. 2. International Custom (Customary International Law) Practices that are consistently followed by states out of a sense of legal obligation (opinio juris). Two main elements: a) General and consistent state practice b) Belief that such practice is legally required Example: Diplomatic immunity, prohibition of torture. 3. General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations These are basic legal principles common to major legal systems of the world. Example: Principles of natural justice, estoppel, res judicata (finality of judgments), good faith. 4. Judicial Decisions and Juristic Writings (Subsidiary Sources) Decisions of international courts (e.g., ICJ, ICC) and national courts interpreting international law. Writings of eminent international law scholars and jurists are used for guidance. Not binding, but highly persuasive. 5. Resolutions and Declarations of International Organizations (Soft Law) Instruments like UN General Assembly Resolutions, which are not legally binding but carry moral or political weight. Example: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). 6. Equity and Ex Aequo et Bono (as per parties' agreement) If the parties agree, the court may decide a dispute based on fairness or moral justice rather than strict legal rules. In summary, international law is based on agreements, customs, shared legal principles, court rulings, and respected writings. These sources help govern the behavior of states and international actors in areas such as diplomacy, war, trade, environment, and human rights.

International law is made largely on a decentralised basis by the actions of the 192 States which make up the international community. The Statute of the ICJ, Art. 38 identifies five sources:- (a) Treaties between States; (b) Customary international law derived from the practice of States; (c) General principles of law recognized by civilised nations; and, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law: (d) Judicial decisions and the writings of “the most highly qualified publicists”.